Lingua russe

Article on other languages:

Russo
Create per: {{{creator}}}
Contexto: {{{contexto}}}
Parlate in: {{{statos}}}
{{{region}}}
Periodo: {{{periodo}}}
Personas: {{{personas}}}
Position: non in top 100
Scriptura: {{{scriptura}}}
Typologia: {{{typologia}}}
Filogenese:

Statuto official
Nationes:  Russia
 Belarus
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
Patrono:Country data Abkhazia
Patrono:Country data South Ossetia
 Moldova (Regions Gagauzia e Transnistria)
 Romania (Region Tulcea (regional))
 Turkmenistan (regional)
Flag of Ukraina Crimea Ukraina (de facto)Patrono:Fact
Patrono:Country data Commonwealth of Independent StatesCIS (working)
IAEA
Patrono:UNO
Regulate per: sin regulation official
Codices de position
ISO 639-1 ru
ISO 639-2 rus
ISO 639-3 rus  (en)
SIL {{{sil}}}  (en)
SIL {{{sil2}}}
Extracto in lingua
Declaration universal del derectos del homine - Art.1
{{{extracto}}}
Le Patre Nostre
{{{extracto2}}}
Translitteration
{{{translitteration}}}
Lingua - Lista de linguas - Linguistica
Le logo de Wikipedia Visita le Wikipedia in [[:{{{codice}}}:|Russo]]!
{{{mappa}}}


Russian (Russo: русский язык, transliteration: ruskiy yazyk, Russo pronunciation: [ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk]) es le plus diffuse lingua de Eurasia, le plus parlate lingua slavic, e le plus lingua native in Europa.


Contento

Classification

Russo es un lingua Slavic.

Source Native speakers Native Rank Total speakers Total rank
G. Weber, "Top Languages",
Language Monthly,
3: 12–18, 1997, ISSN 1369-9733
160,000,000 8 285,000,000 5
World Almanac (1999) 145,000,000 8          (2005) 275,000,000 5
SIL (2000 WCD) 145,000,000 8 255,000,000 5–6 (tied with Arabic)
CIA World Factbook (2005) 160,000,000 8

Statut official

Russo es le lingua official de Russia e Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tamben es le lingua official de paise non recognoscite Transnistria e Ossetia del Sud e Abkhazia.


Dialectos

Alphabeto

A page from Azbuka (Alphabet book), the first Russian textbook. Printed by Ivan Fyodorov in 1574. This page features the Cyrillic alphabet.
Articulo principal: Russian alphabet

Russo Cyrillic (кириллица) alphabet. Le alphabeto russo ha 33 literas.

А
/a/
Б
/b/
В
/v/
Г
/g/
Д
/d/
Е
/je/
Ё
/jo/
Ж
/ʐ/
З
/z/
И
/i/
Й
/j/
К
/k/
Л
/l/
М
/m/
Н
/n/
О
/o/
П
/p/
Р
/r/
С
/s/
Т
/t/
У
/u/
Ф
/f/
Х
/x/
Ц
/t͡s/
Ч
/t͡ɕ/
Ш
/ʂ/
Щ
/ɕɕ/
Ъ
/-/
Ы
[ɨ]
Ь
/◌ʲ/
Э
/e/
Ю
/ju/
Я
/ja/

Orthographia

Articulo principal: Russian orthography

Orthographia russo es generalmente phonemic in practica. Accentos acute: замо́к/за́мок ('lock'/'castle'), сто́ящий/стоя́щий ('worthwhile'/'standing'), чудно́/чу́дно ('this is odd'/'this is marvelous'), молоде́ц/мо́лодец ('attaboy'/'fine young man'), узна́ю/узнаю́ ('I shall learn it'/'I am learning it'), отреза́ть/отре́зать ('to cut'/'have/has cut'); personal nomines (афе́ра, гу́ру, Гарси́а, Оле́ша, Фе́рми), stressed word in the sentence (Ты́ съел печенье?/Ты съе́л печенье?/Ты съел пече́нье? - 'Was it you who ate the cookie?'/'Did you eat the cookie?'/'Was the cookie your meal?').

Sonos

Articulo principal: Russian phonology


Consonantws

  Bilabial Labio-
dental
Dental &
Alveolar
Post-
alveolar
Palatal Velar
Nasal hard /m/   /n/      
soft /mʲ/   /nʲ/      
Plosive hard /p/   /b/   /t/   /d/     /k/   /g/
soft /pʲ/   /bʲ/   /tʲ/   /dʲ/     /kʲ/*   [gʲ]
Affricate hard     /ʦ/           
soft         /tɕ/       
Fricative hard   /f/   /v/ /s/   /z/ /ʂ/   /ʐ/   /x/     
soft   /fʲ/   /vʲ/ /sʲ/   /zʲ/ /ɕː/*   /ʑː/*   [xʲ]     
Trill hard     /r/      
soft     /rʲ/      
Approximant hard     /l/      
soft     /lʲ/   /j/  

Lingua russe es notabile pro illo distinction basete supra palatalisation de majoritate de consonantes. Si /k/, /g/, /x/ ha allophones palatalisate [kʲ, gʲ, xʲ], solmente /kʲ/ se pote consider un phoneme ("это ткёт"/"этот кот"). Palatalisation es que le centro del lingua es elevate durante e post le articulation del consonante. In le caso de /tʲ/ e /dʲ/, le lingua es elevate bastante que producir fricamento legier (sonos fricative). Le sonos: /t, d, ʦ, s, z, n e rʲ/ es dental consonant, producite con le alto del lingua contra le dentes teeth e no contra le cresta alveolar.

Grammatica

Articulo principal: Grammatica russo


Vocabulario

Imagine:1694 Russian ABC book page.GIF
This page from an "ABC" book printed in Moscow in 1694 shows the letter П.


Le numero de paroles in lingua russe es difficile de recognicer proque es simple de crear compound paroles e diminutive paroles, etc.


Work Year Words Notes
Academic dictionary, I Ed. 1789–1794 43,257 Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary
Academic dictionary, II Ed 1806–1822 51,388 Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary
Pushkin opus 1810–1837 21,197 -
Academic dictionary, III Ed. 1847 114,749 Russian and Church Slavonic with Old Russian vocabulary
Dahl's dictionary 1880–1882 195,844 44,000 entries lexically grouped; attempt to catalogue the full vernacular language, includes some properly Ukrainian and Belarusian words
Ushakov's dictionary 1934–1940 85,289 Current language with some archaisms
Academic dictionary 1950–1965 120,480 full dictionary of the "Modern language"
Ozhegov's dictionary 1950s–1960s 61,458 More or less then-current language
Lopatin's dictionary 2000 c.160,000 Orthographic, current language


Historia e examples

Patrono:Listen

Зи́мний ве́чер [Zímniy vécher]

Бу́ря мгло́ю не́бо кро́ет, [Búrya mglóyu nyébo króyet]

Ви́хри сне́жные крутя́; [Víkhri snyézhnyye krutyá]

То, как зверь, она́ заво́ет, [To, kak zver' oná zavóyet]

То запла́чет, как дитя́, [To zapláchet, kak dityá]

То по кро́вле обветша́лой [To po króvle obvetsháloy]

Вдруг соло́мой зашуми́т, [Vdrug solómoy zashumít]

То, как пу́тник запозда́лый, [To, kak pútnik zapozdályy]

К нам в око́шко застучи́т. [K nam v okóshko zastuchít]

Orthographia reform de 1918 face le lingua russe un lingua moderna e il progresso de scientia in Russia habeva un grande influentia in le seculo XX.Patrono:Fact

Vide tamben


Referentias


In Anglese

  • Comrie, Bernard, Gerald Stone, Maria Polinsky (1996). The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press. 019824066X. 
  • Patrono:Citation
  • Carleton, T.R. (1991). Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Press. 
  • Cubberley, P. (2002). Russian: A Linguistic Introduction, 1st ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
  • Halle, Morris (1959). Sound Pattern of Russian. MIT Press. 
  • Ladefoged, Peter and Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Blackwell Publishers. 
  • Matthews, W.K. (1960). Russian Historical Grammar. London: University of London, Athlone Press. 
  • Stender-Petersen, A. (1954). Anthology of old Russian literature. New York: Columbia University Press. 
  • Wade, Terrence (2000). A Comprehensive Russian Grammar, 2nd ed., Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 0631207570. 

In Russo

  • Востриков О.В., Финно-угорский субстрат в русском языке: Учебное пособие по спецкурсу.- Свердловск, 1990. – 99c. – В надзаг.: Уральский гос. ун-т им. А. М. Горького.
  • Жуковская Л.П., отв. ред. Древнерусский литературный язык и его отношение к старославянскому. М., «Наука», 1987.
  • Иванов В.В. Историческая грамматика русского языка. М., «Просвещение», 1990.
  • Михельсон Т.Н. Рассказы русских летописей XV–XVII веков. М., 1978.?
  • Новиков Л.А. Современный русский язык: для высшей школы.- Москва: Лань, 2003.
  • Филин Ф. П., О словарном составе языка Великорусского народа; Вопросы языкознания. - М., 1982, № 5. - С. 18–28
  • Цыганенко Г.П. Этимологический словарь русского языка, Киев, 1970.
  • Шанский Н.М., Иванов В.В., Шанская Т.В. Краткий этимологический словарь русского языка. М. 1961.
  • Шицгал А., Русский гражданский шрифт, М., «Исскуство», 1958, 2-e изд. 1983.

Ligamines external

Patrono:Sisterlinks Patrono:InterWiki Patrono:Wiktionarylang Patrono:Wikt

Dictionarios

Altere resources

Patrono:Russian language Patrono:Official UN languages Patrono:Slavic languages

This article is from Wikipedia. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.